Week Eight

Introduction
The following chapters were simply about how graphic designers began to identify and label themselves. Citizens and inhabitants of the United States had come out pretty prosperous and also a conservative nation after World War II. Europe was undergoing a reconstruction and a reform as a result of this. Graphic designing began to take a different approach as compared to what Graphic Designing usually involved. They began to reflect there attitudes, moods, ideas etc in their advertising. This time around, their approaches were distilled into rationalist and functionalist. Graphic designers all over the world began to adapt strategies and other methods and ways in which they represent themselves that would not only make them stand out but also ones that would make them significant and unique. It has always been said that images and texts which graphic designers claim are universal are always referred to as “suspicious.” This is simply due to the fact that all forms of design and visual communication have evolved from one main source. As time moved on, things are added, removed and even modified. Logotypes were not any particular language but drew a so called universal language.

Time Era
The International Typographic Style, also known as the Swiss Style, is a graphic style that was developed in Switzerland in the 1950s that emphasizes cleanliness, readability and objectivity. Hallmarks of the style are asymmetric layouts, use of a grid, sans-serif typefaces like Akzidenz Grotesk, and flush left, ragged right text. The style is also associated with a preference for photography in place of illustrations or drawings. Many of the early International Typographic Style works featured typography as a primary design element in addition to its use in text, and it is for this that the style is named.
A typographic grid is a two-dimensional structure made up of a series of intersecting vertical and horizontal axes used to structure content. The grid serves as an armature on which a designer can organize text and images in a rational, easy to absorb manner. The less common printing term “reference grid,” is an unrelated system with roots in the early days of printing. During the 1950’s and the 1960’s, campaigns became corporations. These were usually associations of individuals, created by law or under authority of law, having a continuous existence independent of the existences of its members, and powers and liabilities distinct from those of its members. But most of these organizations crossed the border lines and were independent of authority or any sort of law. As a result many independent institutions were unsuccessful economically.

Personal Reflection
Graphic designers though were hired to provide identifiable images. Their work now involved large scale, co-coordinated communication campaigns that was meant to preserve and maintain the identity of a particular co-operation.
Slogans, catchy phrase and logo types began to develop in main steam corporations. Such institutions included UPS, Xerox and also JC Penny, to mention a few. Slogans were usually distinctive chants, phrases, or motto of any party, institution, manufacturer, or even a person. Good visual communication was able to easily gloss over irregularities. These were usually artfully misinterpretation of a specific company or organization. Representation was a far as how employees dressed up, and how they interacted with their immediate society. Their recognition therefore depended on clear and distinctive symbols rather than texts and images.
Ford was launched in a converted factory in 1903 with $28,000 in cash from twelve investors, most notably John and Horace Dodge (who would later found their own car company). During its early years, the company produced just a few cars a day at its factory on Mack Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. Groups of two or three men worked on each car from components made to order by other companies. Henry Ford was 40 years old when he founded the Ford Motor Company, which would go on to become one of the world's largest and most profitable companies, as well as being one to survive the Great Depression. As one of the largest family-controlled companies in the world, the Ford Motor Company has been in continuous family control for over 100 years.
In 2005, Ford Motor Company was among 53 entities that contributed the maximum of $250,000 to the second inauguration of President George W. Bush.
Major Individuals
Max Bill
Josef Brockmann
Emil Ruder
Armin Hofmass
These were members of the Swiss 'Zurich Concrete' group. These were architects, painters, sculptors, politicians, educationalist in short, a 'universal creator'. They stressed highly logical, grid-system of making layouts. They analysed the principles of Concrete Art and sharpened Theo van Doesberg's definition as follows:

" we call those works of art concrete that came into being on the basis of their inherent resources and rules - without external borrowing from natural phenomena, without transforming those phenomena, in other words: not by abstraction. concrete art is independent in its characteristic features. it is the expression of the human spirit, intended for the human spirit, and it should have the sharpness, the clarity and the perfection that must be expected from the human spirit. concrete painting and sculpture imply creating something that is open to visual perception. their creative resources are colours, space, light and movement … concrete art is ultimately the pure expression of harmonious measure and law. it orders systems and uses artistic resources to give life to these orders … it strives for universality and yet it cultivates uniqueness. it suppresses things individualistic in favour of the individual." Bill also requires that art should find a mathematical mode of thought to guarantee that the creative principles can be controlled. In the mean time he sees this as only one of the possible methods, "a useful aid, through which ideas can acquire visible form."
Celebrities often led the way when it came to advertising and establishing one’s image. Artists, politicians, and also business leaders began to grasp the importance of their image. Long hair, short skirts, and highly in your face images became part of everyday of newspapers and magazines. A different side to sense of humor also began to develop. I refer to it as different because it was usually out of the usual and were more sophisticated because it was at this time that homosexually, sex, rockers, was being recognized and liberated. Consumers began to feel like they were being manipulated to indulge or event participate in these events and activities. Retouched images played with jolted perception. At a time were blackness, drugs, and also materialism, these were made sure to be made mention of in the mass media, be it television, radio, magazines, etc. Men were objectified as sex tools to satisfy women and vice versa.

Sources
History Of Graphic Designs
Abstractdesign.com
Wikipedia
Google Images